TPO3 passage1 Architecture

　　本篇阅读的最大特点是有较多建筑中的术语和描述方式。朗读和复述下列句子，有助于托福阅读者理解和建筑先关的表达。

　　同时这篇文字也是一篇非常有文采的文章，正式、简洁、信息丰富，非常值得学习。

　　1) Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly forit determines the character of the human environment in major ways. ( 最高级的信息成为信息排除题的出题点。)

　　2) Theclient who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings canbe traced to both clients and architects.

　　3)In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary tomeet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically. (employ托福学习入门词汇，句子简化题出处)

　　4) Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downwardforces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or acombination of these in different parts of the structure.

　　5) Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible toinvent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. (tothe point where托福阅读常用表达)

　　6) Progress in thisarea can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built nowand those of comparable size built one hundred years ago. (比较信息成为出题点)

　　7) Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobestructures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were oftenone. (用skin等比较建筑)

　　8) The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. (横梁的使用)

　　9)Astructural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stonecould be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That inventionwas the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments.(介绍拱形结构)

　　10) As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than ahorizontalbeam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out tothe sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side ofthe arch. (拱形结构力的承载方式)